Effects of Simulated Presence Therapy on Agitated Behavior, Cognition, and Use of Protective Constraint among Patients with Senile Dementia.

The research was conducted to investigate the improvement of agitated behaviors, cognitive functions, and negative emotions among patients with senile dementia and the burden of caregivers after simulated presence therapy (SPT) intervention. 85 patients with senile dementia were included as the research subjects and divided into control group (40 cases performed with routine nursing) and observation group (45 cases undergoing routine nursing combined with SPT) via a random number table method. Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory (CAMI) and protective constraint were used to assess the improvement of agitated behaviors among patients. Besides, apathy evaluation scale-informant (AES-I), functional independence measure (FIM), self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), clock drawing test, and caregiver burden inventory (CBI) were adopted to evaluate the differences in apathy, daily living and sociability, depression, anxiety, cognitive functions, and caregiver burden between the two groups. It was demonstrated that CAMI score, the duration of protective constraint use, AES-I score, SDS score, SAS score, and CBI score among patients in observation group all apparently decreased compared with those in control group after the intervention. In contrast, FIM and clock drawing test scores both notably increased (P < 0.05). The above findings suggested that SPT could obviously reduce the incidence of agitated behaviors, improve the level of apathy, daily living and sociability, depression, anxiety, and cognitive functions, and relieve caregiver burden among patients with senile dementia during SPT intervention for patients with senile dementia.

Analysis of current situation and influencing factors of marital adjustment in patients with Crohn's disease and their spouses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the marital adjustment of patients with Crohn's disease and their spouses, and to analyze its influencing factors. It lays the investigation foundation for the follow-up binary study of Crohn's disease patients and their spouses. Using convenience sampling, 177 pairs of patients and their spouses from a tertiary hospital in Nanjing, China were selected. With face-to-face electronic questionnaires to survey the patient and spouse, the contents include the Lock-Wollance Marriage Adjustment Test, Subjective Well-Being Scale for Chinese Citizens, Couple Support Questionnaire, and Distress Self-Disclosure Scale. The marital adjustment score of patients was (99.03 ±â€…24.25), and the marital adjustment score of spouses was (99.61 ±â€…25.39). The proportions of patients with marital disorders and their spouses with marital disorders were 52.5% and 46.9%, respectively. Multiple linear regression showed that the spouse's age, family monthly income, time of diagnosis of Crohn's, distress self-disclosure, marital support, and subjective well-being were important factors influencing the marital adjustment of patients. Self-disclosure of spousal distress, marital support, age, and subjective well-being were important factors that influenced spouses' marital adjustment. Most couples with Crohn's disease have marital disorders, and their marital adjustment affects each other. However, the assessment results of one partner should not be limited to replacing those of the couple. In clinical practice, patient age, monthly family income, self-disclosure of distress, marital support, and subjective well-being should be considered. Spouses should be encouraged to participate in patient care and patient-spouse interventions should be implemented as a whole to improve marital stability.

Sulfonate Derivatives Containing a Kakuol Moiety as Potential Fungicidal Candidates: Design, Synthesis and Antifungal Activity Evaluation.

As a part of our continuing exploration to discover new potential promising fungicide candidates, eighteen sulfonate derivatives (3a-3r) containing a kakuol moiety were designed and synthesized. Synthetic sulfonate derivatives were tested comprehensively for antifungal activities against four plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis (B.) cinerea, Valsa (V.) mali, Fusarium (F.) graminearum, Sclerotinia (S.) sclerotiorum), and their structure activity relationships were summarized. Especially, derivatives 3i and 3j exhibited remarkable activity against V. mali, with the inhibition rates of 99.8 and 100%, which were slightly superior to that of carbendazim (98.9%), a reference fungicide. Moreover, derivatives 3a, 3k and 3q possess the broader antifungal spectrum against three tested plant pathogenic fungi with inhibition rates over 60%. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that the introduction of 2-F or 3-F into the benzene ring would give rise to a remarkable increase of the antifungal activity against V. mali.

Eating disorders symptoms and depressive symptoms in Chinese Tibetan University students: a network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Depression is being increasingly acknowledged as a global public health concern, and following this trend, attention towards eating disorders (EDs) has surged within China's national consciousness. EDs symptoms frequently coexist with various mental health conditions, including depression. However, research focusing on EDs symptoms and depressive symptoms among Tibetan students in China remains scant. This study employs network analysis to estimate the relational network between EDs and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Tibetan (n = 2,582) and Han (n = 1,743) students from two universities in the Xizang Autonomous Region, China, completed the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We estimated the network structure of EDs symptoms and depressive symptoms, identified central and bridge symptoms, and examined whether network characteristics differed by gender and ethnic. RESULTS: The core symptoms identified within this study were Calorie_awareness, Desire_to_thin and Fatigue. Conversely, bridge symptoms included Appetite, Suicide, Anhedonia, Guilty, Body_fat_awareness, and Food_preoccupation. The study also revealed no significant gender differences within the network model. However, disparities among ethnic groups were observed within the network structure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study examined the correlation between EDs symptoms and depressive symptoms in Tibetan college students. Focusing on the individual's quest for the perfect body shape and some Tibetan students' appetite problems - potentially stemming from transitioning to a new university environment, adapting to the school canteen's diet, or being away from their hometown - could aid in the prevention and management of EDs and depression symptoms. It could reduce the incidence of complications by helping students maintain good physical and mental health. Concurrently, our research provides insights into the relatively higher levels of depression triggered by the unique plateau environment.

Experience of providing care to a family member with Crohn's disease and a temporary stoma: A qualitative study.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to understand the feelings and experiences of the main caregivers of temporary ostomy patien ts with Crohn's disease (CD). And explore the caregivers' inner feelings, to provide reference and basis for constructing the health education content of the main caregivers of CD patients with a temporary stoma. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach was used to conduct an unstructured interview among 11 primary caregivers of CD patients with temporary enterostomy from the gastroenterology department of The Second Hospital of Nanjing. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected between July 2021 and September 2021. The interviews were audio recorded and then transcribed for a qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Five themes and accompanying subthemes were identified: (1) negative psychological experience (2) perceived caregiver burden (3) future uncertainty (4) disease benefit (5) insufficien support system. Conclusions: Study findings suggest that caregivers of CD temporary enterostomy patients have problems such as negative psychology, heavy caregiver burden, uncertain future, lack of support system, etc., but they also have positive experience of feeling of benefit from the disease, and are eager to obtain more disease information from more channels.Therefore, medical staff should improve their professionalism and health education capabilities, carry out diversified and targeted health education activities to reduce the burden of care, stimulate positive caregiver responses and help caregivers respond to and deal with caregiving problems in a timely and accurate manner.

Propofol elicits apoptosis and attenuates cell growth in esophageal cancer cell lines.

Propofol is a pharmaceutical agent commonly used as an intravenous anesthetic in surgical treatments and a sedative in intensive care. However, it is largely unknown how exposure to propofol affects the proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of neoplastic cells in esophageal cancer. In this study, we sought to elucidate the impact of propofol exposure on the growth properties of human esophageal cancer cell lines in vitro. We treated two human esophageal cancer cell lines, KYSE30 and KYSE960, with up to 10 µg/mL of propofol for 12-36 h. The treated cells were then analyzed by cell proliferation assay, Matrigel invasion assay, quantification of caspase-3/7 and -9 activities, and cell staining with Annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D to detect early apoptosis and cell death, respectively, via flow cytometry. We found that 3-5 µg/mL propofol reduced the growth and Matrigel invasion of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Executioner caspase-3/7, but not caspase-9 involved in intrinsic apoptosis pathway, was activated by cell exposure to 3-5 µg/mL propofol. In addition, 3-5 µg/mL propofol augmented early apoptosis in both cell lines and increased cell death in the KYSE30 cell line. In summary, exposure to propofol, at concentrations up to 5 µg/mL, led to the reduction of cell growth and Matrigel invasion, as well as the augmentation of apoptosis in esophageal cancer cell lines. These data will help define a methodology to safely utilize propofol, a common general anesthetic and sedative, with esophageal cancer patients.

Tunable and switchable multi-wavelength actively Q-switched random fiber laser based on an electro-optic modulator and Sagnac loop filter.

In this article, an actively Q-switched multi-wavelength random fiber laser based on a Sagnac loop filter and electro-optic modulator is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The random distributed feedback media is a section of a 25 km long single-mode fiber. When the pump power is 350 mW, the polarization angle of the Sagnac loop filter can be adjusted by polarization controller to achieve the switching of a single, double, triple, and quadruple channels laser output. In the case of a single laser channel, dual laser channels, and three laser channels output, multiple laser channels can be tuned simultaneously with a fixed wavelength interval. In addition, by changing the waveform of the external signal source, the light and dark pulses can be switched. Owing to the half-open cavity structure and the high gain of the erbium-doped fiber, the laser threshold was reduced to 25 mW, and the light conversion efficiency was 0.67%. The laser is an ideal light source for medical imaging and long-distance sensing.

Obesity alters immunopathology in cancers and inflammatory diseases.

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and is strongly associated with multiple immunological diseases, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. Recent animal studies revealed that obesity-induced immunological changes worsen immune-driven diseases and cause resistance to immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the role of obesity in the immunopathology and treatment responses of cancers, respiratory and allergic diseases, and IL-17-mediated inflammatory diseases. We summarize the unique features of the inflammatory state of these diseases, which are orchestrated by obesity. In particular, obesity alters the immune landscape in cancers with a reprogrammed metabolic profile of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Obesity exacerbates airway inflammation by dysregulating multiple immune-cell subsets. Obesity also dysregulates Th17, IL-17-producing mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), and γδ T cells, which contribute to IL-17-mediated inflammatory response in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. By identifying the effects of obesity on immunological diseases, new strategies could be devised to target immune dysregulation caused by obesity.

Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Alloys-A Review.

Aluminum alloys have been extensively used as heatproof and heat-dissipation components in automotive and communication industries, and the demand for aluminum alloys with higher thermal conductivity is increasing. Therefore, this review focuses on the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys. First, we formulate the theory of thermal conduction of metals and effective medium theory, and then analyze the effect of alloying elements, secondary phases, and temperature on the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys. Alloying elements are the most crucial factor, whose species, existing states, and mutual interactions significantly affect the thermal conductivity of aluminum. Alloying elements in a solid solution weaken the thermal conductivity of aluminum more dramatically than those in the precipitated state. The characteristics and morphology of secondary phases also affect thermal conductivity. Temperature also affects thermal conductivity by influencing the thermal conduction of electrons and phonons in aluminum alloys. Furthermore, recent studies on the effects of casting, heat treatment, and AM processes on the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys are summarized, in which processes mainly affect thermal conductivity by varying existing states of alloying elements and the morphology of secondary phases. These analyses and summaries will further promote the industrial design and development of aluminum alloys with high thermal conductivity.

Pangenomic analysis identifies structural variation associated with heat tolerance in pearl millet.

Pearl millet is an important cereal crop worldwide and shows superior heat tolerance. Here, we developed a graph-based pan-genome by assembling ten chromosomal genomes with one existing assembly adapted to different climates worldwide and captured 424,085 genomic structural variations (SVs). Comparative genomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed the expansion of the RWP-RK transcription factor family and the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related genes in heat tolerance. The overexpression of one RWP-RK gene led to enhanced plant heat tolerance and transactivated ER-related genes quickly, supporting the important roles of RWP-RK transcription factors and ER system in heat tolerance. Furthermore, we found that some SVs affected the gene expression associated with heat tolerance and SVs surrounding ER-related genes shaped adaptation to heat tolerance during domestication in the population. Our study provides a comprehensive genomic resource revealing insights into heat tolerance and laying a foundation for generating more robust crops under the changing climate.

Clinical Outcomes and Risk Factors for Death following Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Among solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), clinical outcomes and risk factors for death following such infections remain not well documented. A single-center retrospective study was performed. All SOTRs with a CRKP infection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2021 were included. Multivariable Cox regression was performed to determine risk factors for death following CRKP infection. We identified 94 SOTRs with CRKP infection, with a median age of 50 years old. CRKP infections resulted in 38.3% of overall 30-day mortality. On multivariable analysis, independent risk factors for death following CRKP infection included older age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.044; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.007 to 1.083; P = 0.02), allograft failure (HR, 3.962; 95% CI, 1.628 to 9.644; P = 0.002), and septic shock (HR, 8.512; 95% CI, 3.294 to 21.998; P < 0.001). Receiving appropriate targeted therapy was associated with a reduced hazard of death (HR, 0.245; 95% CI, 0.111 to 0.543; P = 0.001). Our study characterized the clinical features and mortality in SOTRs with CRKP infection. The protective effects of appropriate targeted therapy highlight the importance of assessing how antibiotic choices affect the clinical outcomes among SOTRs. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections are increasingly identified in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), but data on the clinical outcomes and risk factors for death following such infections remain limited. Here, we reported CRKP infection was associated with 38.3% of overall 30-day mortality in SOTRs. Independent risk factors for death after CRKP infection included older age, allograft failure, and septic shock. Appropriate targeted therapy was important for alleviating the impact of CRKP infections on these SOTRs.

Tunable and switchable multi-wavelength random distributed feedback fiber laser based on SMF and a cascaded Sagnac ring filter.

A tunable and switchable multi-wavelength random distributed feedback fiber laser based on cascaded Sagnac loops is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The random distribution feedback of the laser is provided by the Rayleigh scattering generated by the single-mode fiber (SMF). The cascaded Sagnac loops act as a filter and a reflector in the half-open cavity laser. The single-, dual-, three-, and four-wavelength channels can be realized by adjusting the angle of the polarization controller at the pump power of 300 mW. In the single-, dual-, and three-wavelength channels, the wavelength spacing can be maintained, and the laser wavelength position can be changed at the same time. The maximum wavelength tuning ranges of single-, dual-, and three-wavelength outputs are about 4.5 nm, 2.6 nm, and 1 nm, respectively. The proposed multi-wavelength random fiber laser has the advantages of simple structure and low threshold, and it has good application prospects in remote sensing and imaging systems.

Secretory expression of mammalian NOTCH tandem epidermal growth factor-like repeats based on increased O-glycosylation.

The Notch pathway represents evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling essential for cell-to-cell communication during development. Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been implicated in various diseases, and its control represents a potential cancer treatment strategy. Notch signaling is initiated by the interaction of NOTCH receptors with their ligands on neighboring cells. Therefore, the truncated NOTCH ectodomain, composed mainly of tandem repeats of epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domains, serves as a decoy molecule that competes for ligand binding and thus inhibits ligand-dependent Notch signaling. Although full-length NOTCH EGF repeats exhibited potent Notch inhibitory activity, they were poorly produced in the transfected cells. This study evaluated the effect of EGF domain-modifying glycosyltransferases on the secretion of NOTCH EGF repeats. Our results in HEK293T cells revealed that, unlike the effect on endogenous NOTCH receptors, overexpressed EGF domain-specific O-GlcNAc transferase (EOGT) markedly enhanced the secretion of NOTCH1 EGF repeats in an enzyme activity-dependent manner. The co-expression of protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 further manifested the effect of EOGT. The resultant changes in O-glycosylation of NOTCH3 were evaluated by label-free glycopeptide quantification. This study provides an experimental strategy to efficiently generate NOTCH EGF repeats by manipulating the expression of glycosyltransferases that alter the O-glycosylation of EGF domains.

Interleukin-33: Metabolic checkpoints, metabolic processes, and epigenetic regulation in immune cells.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a pleiotropic cytokine linked to various immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent studies of the effects of IL-33 on immune cells are beginning to reveal its regulatory mechanisms at the levels of cellular metabolism and epigenetic modifications. In response to IL-33 stimulation, these programs are intertwined with transcriptional programs, ultimately determining the fate of immune cells. Understanding these specific molecular events will help to explain the complex role of IL-33 in immune cells, thereby guiding the development of new strategies for immune intervention. Here, we highlight recent findings that reveal how IL-33, acting as an intracellular nuclear factor or an extracellular cytokine, alters metabolic checkpoints and cellular metabolism, which coordinately contribute to cell growth and function. We also discuss recent studies supporting the role of IL-33 in epigenetic alterations and speculate about the mechanisms underlying this relationship.

Design and Simulation of Logistics Network Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

With the continuous development of e-commerce, logistics and express services have penetrated into every aspect of people's life. Research on the optimization of logistics network model is helpful to reduce the waste of routes, improve the utilization rate of transportation tools and hubs, and thus reduce the organizational cost of logistics. In this paper, the basic model of hub-and-spoke network (HSN) is constructed based on the principle of minimizing the connection distance and total cost between hubs. By discretizing the particles in the continuous motion space, the discrete particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is designed and the Exchange () exchange function is used to improve its search strategy to update the individual optimal value and the global optimal value. Finally, the improved double-layer discrete PSO algorithm is obtained to solve the logistics network model. The results show that the optimized PSO algorithm has faster convergence speed and higher precision, and the application of the logistics network model is helpful to integrate logistics resources, reduce logistics costs, and improve logistics efficiency.

Preparation of a Ceramifiable Phenolic Foam and Its Ceramization Behavior.

Ceramifiable phenolic foam (GC-PF) with a low ceramization temperature has been prepared by incorporation of low melting point glass frits (LMG) containing B2O3 and Na2O as main components into a phenolic resin matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy were used for assessment of the structure, phase composition, and morphology of GC-PF before and after combustion analysis, respectively. A glassy ceramic protective layer is formed when GC-PF is exposed to flame or a high temperature environment. The presence of LMG not only reduces the level of defects in the phenolic foam cell wall (gas escape pore), but also promotes the generation of a glassy ceramic protective layer that could inhibit heat feedback from the combustion zone and reduce the rate of formation of volatile fuel fragments. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to establish that GC-PF exhibits excellent thermal stability. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) determination suggests that GC-PF displays good flame retardancy. The LOI of GC-PF was as high as 45.6%, and the char residue at 900 °C was six times greater than that for ordinary phenolic foam (O-PF). The area of the raw material matrix of GC-PF after combustion for 60 s was about 1.7 times larger than that for O-PF. A possible mode of formation of glassy ceramics has been proposed.

Ischemia in intracerebral hemorrhage: A comparative study of small-vessel and large-vessel diseases.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare effects of cerebral small-vessel disease (cSVD) burden and cerebral artery stenosis (CAS) on acute ischemia in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and their interaction with mean arterial pressure (MAP) change. METHODS: We recruited consecutive patients with acute primary ICH. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and angiography were performed to quantify diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions, CAS, and cSVD markers, which were calculated for the total cSVD score. Multivariable regression models were adopted to explore their associations by DWI lesions size (<15 vs. ≥15 mm) and median MAP change stratification. RESULTS: Of 305 included patients (mean age 59.5 years, 67.9% males), 77 (25.2%) had DWI lesions (small, 79.2%; large, 20.8%) and 67 (22.0%) had moderate and severe CAS. In multivariable analysis, small DWI lesions were independently associated with higher total cSVD score (odds ratio [OR] 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-2.41). and large DWI lesions were associated with more severe CAS (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.17-5.38). This association was modified by MAP change (interaction p = 0.016), with stratified analysis showing an increased risk of large DWI lesions in severe CAS with greater MAP change (≥44 mmHg) (OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.13-10.74) but not with mild MAP change (<44 mmHg) (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.20-7.34). INTERPRETATION: Total cSVD burden is associated with small DWI lesions, whereas the degree of CAS is associated with large DWI lesions, specifically with greater MAP change, suggesting that large-artery atherosclerosis may be involved in ischemic brain injury, which is different from small-vessel pathogenesis in ICH.

International alliance and AGREE-ment of 71 clinical practice guidelines on the management of critical care patients with COVID-19: a living systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically identify and critically assess the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 with the AGREE II instrument. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We searched Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, WanFang, and grey literature from November 2019 - November 2020. We did not apply language restrictions. One reviewer independently screened the retrieved titles and abstracts, and a second reviewer confirmed the decisions. Full texts were assessed independently and in duplicate. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. We included any guideline that provided recommendations on the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Data extraction was performed independently and in duplicate by two reviewers. We descriptively summarized CPGs characteristics. We assessed the quality with the AGREE II instrument and we summarized relevant therapeutic interventions. RESULTS: We retrieved 3,907 records and 71 CPGs were included. Means (Standard Deviations) of the scores for the 6 domains of the AGREE II instrument were 65%(SD19.56%), 39%(SD19.64%), 27%(SD19.48%), 70%(SD15.74%), 26%(SD18.49%), 42%(SD34.91) for the scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, editorial independence domains, respectively. Most of the CPGs showed a low overall quality (less than 40%). CONCLUSION: Future CPGs for COVID-19 need to rely, for their development, on standard evidence-based methods and tools.

Transcriptome Reveals the Dynamic Response Mechanism of Pearl Millet Roots under Drought Stress.

Drought is a major threat to global agricultural production that limits the growth, development and survival rate of plants, leading to tremendous losses in yield. Pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone) has an excellent drought tolerance, and is an ideal plant material for studying the drought resistance of cereal crops. The roots are crucial organs of plants that experience drought stress, and the roots can sense and respond to such conditions. In this study, we explored the mechanism of drought tolerance of pearl millet by comparing transcriptomic data under normal conditions and drought treatment at four time points (24 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 144 h) in the roots during the seedling stage. A total of 1297, 2814, 7401, and 14,480 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found at 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 144 h, respectively. Based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses, we found that many DEGs participated in plant hormone-related signaling pathways and the "oxidoreductase activity" pathway. These results should provide a theoretical basis to enhance drought resistance in other plant species.

Transcriptional Changes in Pearl Millet Leaves under Heat Stress.

High-temperature stress negatively affects the growth and development of plants, and therefore threatens global agricultural safety. Cultivating stress-tolerant plants is the current objective of plant breeding programs. Pearl millet is a multi-purpose plant, commonly used as a forage but also an important food staple. This crop is very heat-resistant and has a higher net assimilation rate than corn under high-temperature stress. However, the response of heat resistant pearl millet has so far not been studied at the transcriptional level. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of pearl millet leaves exposed to different lengths of heat treatment (1 h, 48 h and 96 h) was conducted in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the heat stress response and to identify key genes related to heat stress. The results showed that the amount of heat stress-induced DEGs in leaves differs with the length of exposure to high temperatures. The highest value of DEGs (8286) was observed for the group exposed to heat stress for 96 h, while the other two treatments showed lower DEGs values of 4659 DEGs after 1 h exposure and 3981 DEGs after 48 h exposure to heat stress. The DEGs were mainly synthesized in protein folding pathways under high-temperature stress after 1 h exposure. Moreover, a large number of genes encoding ROS scavenging enzymes were activated under heat stress for 1 h and 48 h treatments. The flavonoid synthesis pathway of pearl millet was enriched after heat stress for 96 h. This study analyzed the transcription dynamics under short to long-term heat stress to provide a theoretical basis for the heat resistance response of pearl millet.